Not always the best medicine: Why frequent smiling can reduce wellbeing

• The meaning people attach to the act of smiling affects their subjective wellbeing. • People believe that smiling either reflects happiness or is an attempt to become happy. • Smile frequency can increase or reduce wellbeing, based on their belief. • Frequent smiling can backfire and make a person less happy. a b s t r a c t a r t i c l e i n f o Conventional wisdom (and existing research) suggests that the more people smile, the more positive they feel, and positive feelings are known to enhance wellbeing. Across three studies, instead, we show more frequent smiling does not always increase happiness, and as a consequence, wellbeing. Frequent smiling results in more wellbeing than infrequent smiling only among people who interpret smiling as reactive or reflecting happiness. Among people who interpret smiling as proactive and causing happiness, frequent smiling results in less wellbeing than infrequent smiling. Here, frequent smiling backfires, evoking less happiness than infrequent smiling, which in turn reduces wellbeing. Thus, smiling by itself does not increase happiness, or wellbeing. Instead, the belief that one must already be happy when one smiles is what increases happiness, and as a result, wellbeing. (128 words) Introduction Happiness is central to a person's long-term wellbeing. It improves thinking, boosts immune health, relaxes blood vessels and lowers blood pressure, increases social engagement, improves personal relationships, increases pain tolerance, and helps people cope with negativity Essentially, happiness helps people live longer and live better. Happiness also boosts immediate wellbeing, because people interpret their positive feelings as implying that life is good (Schwarz & Clore, 1983). Nations want to improve wellbeing of their citizens, and most people want, and try, to be happy A simple way to increase positive feelings is to adopt a smile-like ex-Physiologically, smile-like facial expressions, relative to neutral or frown-like expressions, enhance positive feelings by increasing air flow through the nose which cools blood to the brain 2006), and facial expressions provide feedback to a person regarding how he is feeling (Larsen, Kasimatis, & Frey, 1992). As a result, " the free expression of an emotion can intensify it " (Darwin, 1955; James, 1950). Overtime, pairing of positive outcomes and positive feelings with smile-like expressions can also result in smiling becoming conditioned with positive feelings; consequently, the mere act of smiling can evoke positive feelings (Dimberg, 1987; Schnall & Laird, 2003). In this research, …